新型多功能固态限流器对0?接线方式的影响及其解决办法

固态限流器通过在线路中串入等效阻抗实现限流,这势必对系统距离保护产生不良影响。以新型多功能固态限流器为例,分析了固态限流器接入系统对反映相间短路故障0°接线方式的影响,提出了一种消除等效限流阻抗影响的接线方式。利用PSCAD/EMTDC对比分析了采用所提出接线方式和不采用的两种情况下,系统不同位置发生相间短路故障时距离保护继电器的动作特性。仿真结果表明：所提方法消除了固态限流器对继电器测量阻抗的影响,保证了继电器动作的可靠性。     

一种开路电压和短路电流相结合的MPPT算法研究

为了能够有效地提高光伏发电系统的最大输出功率,根据光伏电池的输出特性和数学模型,提出了一种新型MPPT算法,即开路电压和短路电流相结合的MPPT算法。利用开路电压、短路电流和S-function函数快速解得最大功率点。针对不断变化的外界环境会给引入该算法的光伏系统带来频繁扰动,以及该算法在理论推导过程中采用了大量的估算算法,因此在该算法中引入阈值电流?I和微变步长扰动法。阈值电流?I降低了系统的扰动,减少能量的损失,微变步长扰动法进一步的修正了系统的最大功率点,解决了因理论估算而带来的误差问题。实验证明,引入了阈值电流和微变步长扰动法的开路电压和短路电流相结合的MPPT算法能快速、准确的跟踪最大功率点,提高转换效率。     

两种扰动源引起电压暂降的快速检测及特征分析

电压暂降在电网中具有一定的传播性,无论从电网还是用户都迫切需要对电压暂降进行研究和治理。作为解决电压暂降问题的前提,需先对其检测方法进行研究。分析了感应电动机启动和变压器激磁两种扰动情况引起电压暂降的原因,在此基础上采用了基于S变换的短时电能质量扰动检测方法,从S变换的结果中提取出所需数据,并以此来对上述两种扰动情况的暂降深度、相位跳变、持续时间和谐波含量进行分析。仿真结果表明,该方法很好地实现了对电压暂降各特征量的检测;在对暂降录波波形数据进行后续离线分析应用方面具有较高的实用价值。     

Using short‐term resource scheduling for assessing effectiveness of CCS within electricity generation subsector

A new methodology for assessing the effectiveness of carbon capture and storage (CCS) that does explicitly consider the detailed operation of the target electricity system is proposed. The electricity system simulation consists of three phases, each one using a modified version of an economic dispatch problem that seeks to maximize the producers’ and consumers’ surplus while satisfying the technical constraints of the system. The economic dispatch is formulated as a dynamic mixed‐integer nonlinear programming problem and implemented in general algebraic modelling system (GAMS). The generating unit with CCS is designed and simulated using Aspen Plus®. In the first case study, the operation of the IEEE RTS ’96 (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers One‐Area Reliability Test System—1996) is simulated with greenhouse gas (GHG) regulation implemented in the form of CO₂ permits that generators need to acquire for every unit of CO₂ that it is emitted. In the second case study, CCS is added at one of the buses and the operation of the modified IEEE RTS ’96 is again simulated with and without GHG regulation. The results suggest that the detailed operation of the target electricity system should be considered in future assessments of CCS and a general procedure for undertaking this for any GHG mitigation option is proposed. Future work will use the novel methodology for assessing the effectiveness of generating units with flexible CO₂ capture. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4210–4234, 2015     

Lactoperoxidase-mediated degradation of single-walled carbon nanotubes in the presence of pulmonary surfactant

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) may elicit inflammatory responses following pulmonary exposure. Conversely, enzymatic biodegradation of CNTs by inflammatory cells has also been reported. The aim of this study was to study the degradation of oxidized single-walled CNTs (ox-SWCNTs) by lactoperoxidase (LPO), a secreted peroxidase present in the airways, and whether pulmonary surfactant affects this biodegradation. To this end, ox-SWCNTs were incubated in vitro with recombinant bovine LPO + H₂O₂ + NaSCN in the presence and absence of porcine lung surfactant (Curosurf®) and biodegradation was monitored using UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The interaction of recombinant LPO with bundles of ox-SWCNTs was confirmed by atomic force microscopy. Cell-free biodegradation of ox-SWCNTs was also observed ex vivo in murine bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the presence of H₂O₂ + NaSCN. Our study provides evidence for biodegradation of ox-SWCNTs with a lung surfactant ‘bio-corona’ and expands the repertoire of mammalian peroxidases capable of biodegradation of ox-SWCNTs. These findings are relevant to inhalation exposure to these materials, as LPO serves as an important component of the airway defense system.     

Preparation and studies of transparent conductive monolayers of multiwall carbon nanotubes on quartz and flexible polymer with the use of modified Langmuir technique

An improved Langmuir method is described and applied to produce transparent, conductive and flexible single layer of multiwall carbon nanotubes. This paper presents properties of multiwall carbon nanotubes spread on water subphase and in a form of Langmuir–Schaefer layers on a quartz plate and on flexible polymeric foil. The results show very high homogeneity of the monolayers on a very large area obtained with the use of the proposed modified Langmuir method and indicate their relatively high radiation transmission and electrical conductivity. Laser scanning confocal and scanning electron microscopic images of the layers are presented. The microscopic visualization of the nanolayers is supported by spectroscopic studies (transmittance, photoacoustics) in the range from ultraviolet to mid-infrared. Moreover, electric measurements (current versus voltage characteristics) of the carbon material on the polymeric foil are presented.The obtained results of the investigated multiwall carbon nanotubes are discussed in a view of potential application in optoelectronics.     

Isolation of recombinant antibody fragments (scFv) by phage display technology for detection of almond allergens in food products

Tree nut allergies are considered an important health issue in developed countries. To comply with the regulations on food labeling, reliable allergen detection methods are required. In this work we isolated almond-specific recombinant antibody fragments (scFv) from a commercial phage display library bypassing the use of live animals, hence being consistent with the latest policies on animal welfare. To this end an iterative selection procedure employing the Tomlinson I phage display library and a crude almond protein extract was carried out. Two different almond-specific scFv (named PD1F6 and PD2C9) were isolated after two rounds of biopanning, and an indirect phage ELISA was implemented to detect the presence of almond protein in foodstuffs. The isolated scFvs demonstrated to be highly specific and allowed detection of 40 ng mL⁻¹ and 100 ng mL⁻¹ of raw and roasted almond protein, respectively. The practical detection limit of the assay in almond spiked food products was 0.1 mg g⁻¹ (110–120 ppm). The developed indirect phage ELISA was validated by analysis of 92 commercial food products, showing good correlation with the results obtained by a previously developed real-time PCR method for the detection of almond in foodstuffs. The selected phage clones can be affinity maturated to improve their sensitivity and genetically engineered to be employed in different assay formats.     

高动态短时突发扩频信号的快速捕获

针对低信噪比和大多普勒频移环境下,短帧突发直接序列扩频通信系统要求在短时间内以很低虚警和漏警概率捕获信号这一难题,设计了仅使用独特码的短时突发扩频信号帧结构,在接收端将扩频码与独特码作为一个复合扩频码看待,提出了基于FFT的高动态突发信号捕获方法,可同时快速完成突发信号检测、扩频码捕获、频偏估计、帧同步检测和位定时捕获等任务。仿真结果表明:该算法能有效消除多普勒频移对短时突发扩频信号捕获性能的影响。     

Damage and permeability in tape-laid thermoplastic composite cryogenic tanks

This work presents a combined experimental and numerical approach to the design and analysis of tape-laid thermoplastic composite cryogenic tanks. A detailed material and defect characterisation of automated tape-laid CF/PEEK is undertaken using optical micrography and 3D X-ray CT (computed tomography) as well as cryogenic testing to investigate damage formation. Resulting material data is used as input for a novel XFEM (extended finite element method)–cohesive zone methodology which is used to predict intra- and inter-ply damage in an internally pressurised cryogenic tank. An optimised tank lay-up is presented and analysed using the numerical method to ensure resistance to microcrack formation and fuel leakage through the tank walls under operating loads.